Chinese Hazardousness

Chinese Overview:

China is a godless nation, with which India shares a colossal frontier. Ideally, China should never have been permitted to border India. The attachment of the Chinese border to the Indian border took place in the 1950s as a consequence of the grisly and lawless conquest of Tibet then by a hatchling Communist China. It must be remembered that the Chinese military, in the instantaneous aftermath of the proclamation of Communist China in 1949, was a somewhat uncooked one.

Chinese History:

The commonplace Chinese citizens were enmeshed in a rambunctious civil war for four years subsequent to the culmination of WW 2 in August 1945 after the Japanese surrender. Then, the civil strife in China had, as its participants, Communist militias pitted against the anti Communist (Nationalist) militias. Also, millions of the Chinese civilians, who were the members of either the Nationalist or Communist camp, participated in this civil war, which spawned additional disorderliness in China.

China, ever since the 19^th century, had been experiencing humiliation and subjugation by the Western European powers, which had been penetrating China monetarily by seizing the management of Chinese wealth and its natural resources. China was, in effect, a transnational colony, the financial path of which was being propelled by the arrogance of Britain, France, Germany, each of which, along with an increasingly imperialistic America and Japan, had carved ‘zones of influence’ for itself in Chinese territory. The U.S., Japan and the West Europeans directed the economic affairs of their zones respectively, which consisted of enforcing guidelines on trade and levies on overseas goods. These guidelines were fashioned by the imperialists disproportionately in a way that boosted the imperial treasure and ensured the stagnation of the Chinese financial system, which had, prior to becoming a casualty of the spiteful Western imperialism, been extremely potent. China underwent economic mortification of this sort, which was worsened by the supplementary political, military and spiritual concessions bequeathed to the West by a debilitating Chinese monarchy. Also, subornment had infiltrated the politics of China during this period of Western monetary exploitation. This subornment was in service as a result of the dissoluteness of numerous provincial Chinese warlords. Also, the attempt to Christianize China by the malignant Christian missionaries there kindled the enragement of the non-Christian Chinese. It appeared as if China, which once was a majestic civilization in the ancient and medieval epoch, had come to the point of intellectual and administrative disintegration.

The military conflicts waged by the Chinese monarchy against Japan and the West in the 19^th century over economic and territorial issues had severely paralyzed China as it was trounced in those wars and was compelled to fork out oceanic war reparations to the victors. China relinquished Korea and Taiwan to the Japanese overlordship.

Post-WW2 China, Mao, Nehru, Patel And India:

Coming to 1949, in this landscape of monetary inefficiency and shortfall, the Communists, directed by Mao Zedong, ultimately battered the Nationalists and conquered all of mainland China. The Communists inherited a fragile Chinese economy and a complete dearth of efficient governance. The Nationalists, headed by Chiang Kai-shek, escaped to the neighboring island of Taiwan, in which the Nationalists entrenched their government under the autocratic headship of Chiang. Thus, the military of Communist China, in 1949, was not as steely, well-oiled and sophisticated as it became later. Also, the Indian military, as opposed to the Chinese, was more effectively organized then, with the Indian military being more regimented and in possession of formidable weaponry. The military lethality of India then was one of the few genuinely constructive bequests of British lordship over India.

Therefore, a more street-smart Foreign Minister of independent India would have been able to handle the Tibetan subjugation by China more shrewdly. Nehru, the primary Foreign Minister of decolonized India, was, at the end of the day, predominantly unsuccessful as Foreign Minister. The two-facedness of his professed non-aligned overseas policy was exposed when he refused to condemn unmistakably the Soviet military belligerence in Hungary in 1956 to quell the anti Communist uprising there. However, the same Nehru had vocally vocalized contempt for the Anglo-French and Israeli assault on the Egyptian Suez Canal in 1956 subsequent to the Canal’s nationalization by the Egyptian autocrat, Gamal Nasser. Nehru’s supposed repudiation, in the 1950s, of the U.S. tender of an eternal seat for India on the UNSC continues to wound India even today as China, whose inclusion in the UNSC was favored by Nehru then, is the primary blocker of Indian penetration into the august UNSC presently. Nehru’s internationalization of the Kashmir question in 1949 by taking it to the UN was an oceanic blunder when a continuation of the war against Pakistan for the liberation of Kashmir would have sizably increased the prospects of complete Kashmiri accession to India. This internationalization was despite the

righteousness of India’s claim and conflict over Kashmir against the invading Pakistanis.

There was pragmatic advice from the commendable Indian Home Minister, Sardar Patel, to Nehru that urged Indian military assistance for the relief of the beleaguered Tibetans under the onslaught of the Communist Chinese marauders. Patel was a leading advocate against the connection of the Chinese border to the Indian one. Patel had espoused the maintenance of the self-governance of Tibet and the deactivation, by the Indian military, of the devastating Chinese military takeover of Tibet. Nehru had attempted to mollycoddle and appease the atheistic Chinese on several issues, including the bordering issue, which procreated the appalling Chinese attack on Indian territorial integrity in 1962. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which Nehru had fathered, was a voiceless and characterless character as it refused to explicitly excoriate the Chinese bellicosity against India. It was American intervention, pioneered by the then U.S. President, JF Kennedy, and the Presidential warning to Mao that assisted India and ensured the Chinese military disengagement from sizable Indian territory in the Northeast.

Indo-Chinese Border Trouble:

Let it be clear that China has not yet acknowledged unequivocally the territorial inseparableness with India of Arunachal Pradesh (AP) and Sikkim. China has not even vaguely accepted Indian democracy over these territories, with China continuing to illustrate these two Indian provinces as parts of China. The Chinese media has never attempted to conceal that China will never cede ground on these two territories. What does that mean? China yearns to position its hands on these two regions in one way or the other such as via combined rule over these two areas with India or through their outright annexation into Chinese territory. The Indian government has voiced its desire for tranquility with China. But is India willing to dilute the degree of its association with AP and Sikkim to create peace with China? Any nationalistic Indian outlook will not desire the dilution of Indian connection to AP and Sikkim as Indian troops have sacrificed their lives and shed their blood to keep these two provinces with India. It is obvious that a preponderance of the populace of these two provinces yearns to be with India completely as they respect and are grateful to Indian democracy and her religious tolerance. The Buddhist APs and Sikkimites have seen the persecution, victimization and enfeeblement of the Buddhists in the neighbouring Tibet that has been overrun by the sadism of atheistic China.

Transnational Placation Of China:

Developed countries such as America and those of Western Europe are committing erroneousness by attempting to placate the China of today for economic reasons. The hegemonic actions of China regionally and overseas are being overlooked. China is, after all, an authoritarian nation, which has repeatedly elucidated its policy of bombarding Taiwan even if a democratic Taiwanese government votes to ‘secede’ from Beijing. China is the financial and military backer of the tyrannical Communistic North Korean regime. The regime has been characterized by the blackness of its despotism, its illegal nuclear activities, its association with the dishonorable Pakistani atomic scientist, AQ Khan and by its unabashed military aggression against its democratic neighbor, South Korea. There is apprehensiveness in Southern Korea and Japan over the increasing powerfulness of China economically and militarily. There is mounting corroboration in the world of espionage about Chinese cybersubversiveness to weaken the countries China detests.

Chinese Invidiousness:

India has copious reasons to worry about a militarily and financially burgeoning China as China, on being confident of military success, could, in the future, attack AP and Sikkim to annex them. Military infrastructure is being bolstered far more quickly by China in the disputed bordering zones than by India. China is attempting to asphyxiate India by expanding its military and civilian presence in South Asia in Nepal, Burma, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Pakistani slavishness towards China is well-known. China occupies Aksai Chin (AC), which is claimed by India as a part of Kashmir. AC cannot be bartered by India as part of a compromise as long as China asserts its dominion over AP and Sikkim. China is working relentlessly to undercut the Indian standing in Africa. China has also irked India immensely by releasing stapled visas to Indian Kashmiris desirous of visiting China. It has also remarked that the folks of AP do not require visas to enter China as AP is a component of China. There is a credible feeling in the Indian security establishment that the ‘far left’ Maoist terrorists in India are being backed by Chinese espionage entities clandestinely as state-of-the art weaponry has been recovered from the arrested Maoists in India. One can only hope that the Indian diplomatic world is prepared to offset this Chinese maliciousness in every way and is able to convince the world of the hegemony of Chinese intentions.

Possibility:

One does feel that the appeasement of godless China could spawn, after 15 to 20 years, an expansionist China akin to Nazi Germany that annexed Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Poland as these were ‘German areas’ at some point historically. Global appeasement of China on matters such as the ‘Yuan controversy’ is not working and will never work as dictatorships such as China interpret placation as a sign of feebleness and only employ the period of placation to strengthen themselves. The diplomatic belligerence of China should be dealt with resoluteness by the world and by neighbors such as India, Japan and South Korea. Otherwise, in the distant future, there could be a Nazi Germany in China. Nazi Germany’s diplomatic contraventions, its infringement of international treaties, its territorial expansionism and general ideological bellicosity was ignored and mollified by the world, which engendered savage conflict from 1939 to 1945 internationally.

Mutinous Libya: Time For Decisive Multinational Intercession

Libyan Overview:

The insurrection of a sizable segment of the Libyan populace against the Libyan autocrat, Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, is a continuation of the popular mutinies that have characterized the Mohammedan world recently. The Colonel, who has administered Libya dictatorially in the preceding 40 years, has epitomized Libya internationally with his outlandish speechification at times on world affairs and with his inimitable socialistic style of governance elucidated in ‘The Green Book’. The Colonel had shepherded a military coup d’état victoriously in 1969 that dethroned the then Libyan royalty that had administered Libya in the aftermath of Libyan liberation in 1951 from the UN Trusteeship of France and the UK.

Colonial Libya:

Libya had been administrated unfeelingly by the Italians subsequent to the Italian triumph in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War. Libya was one of four Italian colonies in northern and eastern Africa that underwent profound Italian involvement militarily, politically and culturally. Thousands of Italian settlers converged on fertile Italian Libya as well as on Italian Somalia, Italian Eritrea and Italian Ethiopia to derive monetary advantage from farming in the arable zones there as well as from infrastructural development like railway and road construction, industrial development, etc. The infrastructure and economy of these colonies experienced considerable enhancement under Italian supremacy. However, the institutionalized prejudice of the Italians in the colonies, especially under Fascistic Italy, and the general bellicosity of Italian colonialism alienated the indigenous Africans and spawned deep resentment for the Italian colonialistic presence.

Libyan Crisis vs Egyptian Crisis:

The world needs to deal with the Libyan uprising differently. Its handling of the popular revolt in Egypt recently cannot be the response to the Libyan emergency. Egypt was governed by President Mubarak, who, despite all the disparagements of his rule by the Egyptian political opposition, provided political stability to Egypt and engendered improvements in certain sectors of the Egyptian economy. Mubarak was a significant contributor to the skirmish against transnational Crescentic terrorism, which has bedeviled the Islamic world as well as non-Islamic territories. The security situation in Egypt largely enhanced under his Presidency. There was Egyptian tranquility with Jewish Israel. But the protests, led by some segments of the Egyptian populace, against governmental subornment, joblessness and paucity of freedom, persisted. Mubarak never really intended to respond genocidally to dismantle the popular demonstrations against him on the Egyptian streets. The protestors were, for the most part, permitted to express their opposition to Mubarak by positioning themselves in the now landmark areas such as Tahrir Square. Importantly, the Egyptian armed forces were on the side of the populace and never resorted to indiscriminate killing of the protestors. Mubarak’s Egypt was an intimate ally of America and the West, with the former unequivocally declaring that it sympathised with the demonstrators.

American President, Barack Obama, and the Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, conversed about the need to usher democracy in Egypt. It had been conveyed unambiguously to the Egyptian autocrat that his time is up and that he had to create the foundations sooner rather than later for democracy in Egypt. He had to either resign from the Presidency or not contest in the Presidential elections in September. There was copious global pressure on Mubarak to dethrone himself. Mubarak was no Gaddafi and was not infamous for his verbal ludicrousness. Eventually, Mubarak bowed down to the popular wishes to thwart debilitating bloodletting.

Libya Of Sabotage In The 1970s, 1980s and 1990s:

Libya, on the other hand, has been guided by the ‘Brother Leader’, Colonel al-Gaddafi, who has had a pretty nefarious track record. Libyan terrorists, sponsored by their State headed by the Colonel, have been involved in a broad assortment of belligerent activities such as the deadly detonation of the UTA Flight 772 in 1989, the devastating Lockerbie bombing in 1988, the lethal bombardment of a nightclub in Berlin in 1986, etc. Several Libyan militants have been found guilty by various national courts of conspiring and executing these terroristic acts. Libya, led by the Colonel, was a participant in the unlawful and clandestine atomic proliferation trade in the 1980s and 90s that was championed by the now dishonorable Pakistani nuclear scientist, AQ Khan. The Libyan State, under the Colonel, had bequeathed military as well as monetary assistance to numerous terrorist organizations globally that have engendered havoc in different countries. These terrorist entities were not restricted to Mohammedanism, with some being non-Islamic disruptive outfits as well.

During his dictatorship, Libya was also involved in an indefensible territorial war against its African neighbor, Chad, during the Cold War. The conflict was a byproduct of the lengthy Libyan backing, under the Colonel, for the mutinous forces in northern Chad. Also, the Colonel is a rather volatile and wobbly leader cerebrally as evidenced by the ranting in his speeches from the 1970s till recently. His backing for the grisly Somali pirates and for the despots of dissimilar countries in different continents enlightens us about the dangerous maverick that the Colonel is and has been. He had financially supported and provided diplomatic recognition to the Uganda presided by the President, Idi Amin, who was known for his horridly oddball personality. The Colonel bizarrely endorsed the genocidal Christian Serbian tyrant, Slobodan Milosevic, even when it was broadly deemed internationally that Milosevic’s Christian forces were perpetrating ethnic purging in the 1990s in largely Crescentic Kosovo. This explained the ideological and psychological contradictions of the Colonel. His alliance with authoritarian national chiefs such as the Venezuelan President, Hugo Chavez, and with the erstwhile Liberian despot, Charles Taylor, basically reflected that the Colonel was an agent of disruptiveness and sabotage globally. Taylor has been indicted by the Sierra Leonean Special Court for war felonies and felonies against humankind that were implemented by Taylor’s militias during the vicious civil conflict in neighboring Sierra Leone. The Colonel’s Libya has subsidized the Pilipino militant secessionist organization, Moro Islamic Liberation Front, which has brutalized the innocent Pilipinos to achieve the goal of a self-governing State in southern Philippines. The Colonel’s agents caused tremendous bloody damage throughout the world such as in London in April 1984 when the Libyan diplomats in the city fired at the Libyan refugees, who were remonstrating against the capital punishment meted out to two Libyan dissenters. This firing bumped off a British policewoman, Yvonne Fletcher. This appalling incident liquidated ambassadorial ties between Britain and Libya for several years.

Current Libya:

If the Colonel’s forces had rapidly obliterated the recent uprising without undue slaughtering of the revolters, the world could have accepted that as the victory of a powerful autocrat still in control of his country and the military. One would have had to acknowledge that the Colonel was still the potent boss of Libya. However, the conflict between the State’s official armed forces and the rebel soldiers has dragged on for so many days now. The rebellious troops have joined the civilian opposition to the Colonel’s rule and have conquered keynote areas of Libya, especially in the country’s east. This illustrates incontrovertibly the degree of bitterness and hatred in the opposition’s psyche for the Colonel. There is oceanic abhorrence for the Colonel in mammoth zones of Libya now. The opposition is beginning to solidify its hold over myriad strategic areas of Libya. The military goriness with which the Libyan State has endeavored to quash these popular protests has led to innumerable popular demises. The Colonel has even refused to inaugurate a dialogue with the opposition to craft an acceptable deal that would entail eventually the democratization of Libya and that would, at the very least, and for starters, trim the constitutional dictatorialness of the Colonel. Also, this civil strife is anchored in tribalism as the Colonel’s tyrannicalness has spawned loads of loathing for his tribe. The demonstrators on the Libyan lanes predominantly belong to the opposing tribes of Libya that desire to witness the dethronement of the Colonel and his tribe.

It is strongly possible that these demonstrators are not yearning for democracy but are merely yearning for liberation from the Colonel’s autocracy. Their desire simply is to see the deposition of the Colonel and the installation of a new national chief. Democratization may not be as important for them as the free world would like to believe. However, if the civil war in Libya does not end in the near future and if the bloodletting continues, foreign military intervention will become imperative to stabilize Libya. Obviously, then, the mission should be to unseat the Colonel and install a personality, who will bring back sereneness to Libya, and initiate a political dialogue that could engender democracy of some sorts in the Libyan future. The fresh leader would have a better chance of stabilizing Libya, discontinuing the bloodshed and terminating the torture of the political rebels. Also, if the civil war continues, the lucrative oil refineries and fields of Libya could be under threat from the State’s militias or from the self-centered anarchists in the country.

Libya, in the last few years, has attempted to reintegrate itself with the international community by forfeiting its construction of destructive chemical and nuclear weapons. Libya has permitted multinational inspectors, headed by the UN, to analyse its nuclear weapons program and to obliterate it. The Colonel has repeatedly condemned the venomousness of Al-Qaeda and sympathised with America due to 9/11 in interactions with the American media. There has been sizable cooperation from the Libyan authorities on this issue since 9/11, which led to the West befriending Libya cautiously in the last few years. Also, the Colonel had realized that the years of international sanctions against Libya had weakened its economy, which needed global money for its revivification. However, the Colonel refused to liberalize the Libyan polity.

However, the latest Libyan violence clearly illustrates that there has to be decisive intercession from the globe to resolve this crisis. Sanctions, seizures of monetary assets and embargoes can only work up to a certain point.

Rationales Contributing To The Political Wobbliness In The Muslim World

1) Lebanese Hezbollah

Hezbollah, which is a Shiite terrorist organization, exists politically as well as militarily in the ethnically sundry Lebanon. Hezbollah, which is subsidized as well as armed clandestinely by the Iranian espionage establishment, is particularly potent in southern Lebanon, which borders northern Israel. Israel and Lebanon have certain territorial disagreements such as the status of the Shebaa Farms. Hezbollah has refused to silence itself militarily till the last Israeli soldier departs from Shebaa Farms, which is regarded as Lebanese territory by Hezbollah. Israel, however, has voiced that Shebaa Farms is within Syrian territory and has prolonged its occupation of the Shebaa Farms as Syria and Israel are not at peace. The hostility between Hezbollah and Israel was amply evident in 2006 during their destructive war subsequent to the military belligerence and kidnapping of Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah. Hezbollah has not been deactivated militarily hitherto, which was demanded by the United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 1701 that attempted to cease the military animosity between Israel and Hezbollah. Hezbollah continues to be a threat to Israel and regional stability as it is endorsed by Iran, the orthodox President of which, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has never endeavored to conceal his dislike for the Jewish State.

There is absolute political wobbliness in Lebanon at this stage as there is a fledgling national government, the creation of which was compelled subsequent to the departure of Hezbollah from the previous administration headed by Saad Hariri. His Dad, Rafik Hariri, the respected former Lebanese PM, was liquidated in 2005 and the inquisition into Rafik’s assassination by a UN tribunal, which is likely to indict members of Hezbollah for the assassination, is broadly believed to be the rationale behind Hezbollah’s disengagement from Saad’s government.

2) Powerful Iran And Regional Destabilization

Iran has a dodgy record on nuclear proliferation as a consequence of its links with the dishonored Pakistani nuclear scientist, AQ Khan, and its own notorious atomic program has never ceased to spawn suspicion in the West as well as in the UN and the IAEA, the latter being the atomic supervisory entity of the UN. There is a strong likelihood that Iran intends to develop atomic bombs, with its strategy being to sport the diplomatic façade, while surreptitiously accelerating its military atomic program. Iran, it is suspected, desires to lengthen the period of nuclear discussions with the West, while going ahead with its atomic program simultaneously. It is difficult to believe that Iran is interested in a peaceful nuclear program as it has refused to discontinue uranium enrichment and has not illustrated to the global nuclear inspectors all its atomic reactors. Also, numerous rounds of atomic discussions between Iran and the West have failed to arrive at a compromise, notwithstanding the incentives tendered by the West. Economic sanctions against Iran can only work up to a certain point, beyond which a decisive decision will have to be taken by the UN and America on the fashion to cripple the nuclear program. It would be safe to articulate that espionage agents from the West and Israel are operating surreptitiously to destabilize the Iranian atomic program as some prominent Iranian atomic scientists have been bumped off recently. As the Iraq war in 2003 demonstrated, no entity is powerful enough to thwart America and its allies from perpetrating a military strike against their foe. Surgical strikes against Iranian nuclear centers by America or Israel are a possibility. Israel possesses the audaciousness to carry out such a strike as was seen in 1981 when Israel vanquished the Iraqi ‘Osirak’ nuclear reactor.

There is opposition in Iran to the current government as was viewed in 2009 subsequent to the dubious presidential election, which brought about Ahmadinejad’s Presidency again. The supporters of the reformist Iranian political opposition, led by Mir-Hossein Mousavi, have alleged that the presidential election of 2009 was defined by fraudulence, in which Mousavi was the winner. However, there was a severe onslaught thereafter on the opposition by the establishment of Ahmadinejad.

It is pretty unambiguous that Iran, a Shiite nation, is looked at as a hazardous force by the Sunni Islamic world such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the Mohammedan countries of the Gulf. Wikileaks divulged the degree of antagonism to and distrust of the Iranian nuclear program in the Sunni world. Shiite Iran is considered as a powerhouse in the Islamic world, notwithstanding years of sanctions against it, which is spawning apprehension in the Sunni community. Sectarianism in the Islamic world has been bloody for ages and has become gorier now subsequent to the emergence of Sunni terrorist groups such as Taliban and Al Qaeda, which have massacred innumerable Shiites as well as the Shiites’ religious shrines.

3) Dissemination Of The Extremist Islamist Venom In Pakistan

Pakistan, which is the epicenter of transnational terrorism, is a country inundated by the toxicity of Islamic terrorism such as that of the Afghan Taliban, Pakistani Taliban, Al Qaeda and other Sunni bigoted organizations. It has been voiced for years that influential ideologues of the Al Qaeda are lodged in Pakistan in a restive city like Quetta. The power of the extremists in Pakistan is mounting, which has been witnessed over the last three years in the unrelenting suicide attacks and vehicular bombs’ detonations that have decimated Pakistani society. There is democracy in Pakistan, but a very fragile one, under the amplifying pressure of the fundamentalist mullahs. The recent grisly liquidation of the Pakistani Punjab’s Governor, Salman Taseer, known for his philosophical liberalness, exhibited more glaringly the percolation of the extremist poison into the Pakistani society. Taseer was shot down by his bodyguard, who was envenomed by Taseer’s excoriation of certain facets of the Pakistani anti blasphemy, which had found a Christian Pakistani female guilty of perpetrating blasphemousness against the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Denunciations of the severity of this law by Pakistani lawmakers have been almost inaudible, presumably, due to the dread of the Pakistani fundamentalists, many of whom glorified the assassin of Governor Taseer and discharged zilch commiserations for the deceased Taseer and his kith and kin. Attempts to modify the anti blasphemy statute legislatively by politicians such as Sherry Rehman (of the Pakistan People’s Party, which governs Pakistan) have come to nothing, which typifies the burgeoning powerfulness of the Islamic extremism in Pakistan.

Today, Pakistan is, despite the sincere efforts of some broadminded lawmakers, in a political path that has been deviating from the way forward emphasized by the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was, arguably, a steadfast secularist, who enacted a partial role in the partition of the mammoth undivided British India.

Pakistan is a keynote player in the international battle against Islamic terrorism and has enacted a constructive role partially by seizing and slaying numerous fanatical Islamists, who have bloodied Pakistan as well as launched attacks in neighboring Afghanistan to undermine the international troops there, who have been battling against the armed Taliban terrorists, many of whom have received ideological indoctrination on Pakistani soil along with schooling on the way to employ the weapons.

4) Sectarianism In The Islamic World

Al Qaeda and its affiliates have permeated into Iraqi soil and have relentlessly maimed the Iraqi populace. Al Qaeda and its fraternal Sunni terrorist outfits have disfigured and slaughtered Shiites in Iraq during their religious ceremonies. Shiite Iran too has been maimed by Sunni terrorism, with the viciousness of Sunni bigotry disseminating through Pakistan as well, where countless Shiites have been massacred by Sunni militancy. The Taliban in Afghanistan represent an ongoing lethal threat for the multinational NATO, whose soldiers, led by America, are skirmishing, with deadly repercussions, against the Taliban terrorists.